This map from an atlas published in 1960 shows the position of Murmansk at the top and Archangel (Arkhangelsk) on the east coast of the White Sea. The Arctic Circle is the dotted line that crosses the neck of the White Sea so that Murmansk is above it and Archangel below. The distance between the two towns, as the crow flies, is 600 km. Leningrad was called Petrograd at the time of the allied operations in North Russia. It was renamed Leningrad in 1918 and changed in 1991 to St Petersburg. Up until 1918 the city was the capital of Imperial Russia but was in that year Moscow became the capital.
